Kuki inshuti zacu zitagishishikajwe no gutangaza amakuru bwite ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nk'uko byahoze?

Nyuma y'imyaka hafi makumyabiri abantu basangira byinshi ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, bigaragara ko ubu twatangiye gusangira bike. Ubushakashatsi bushya bwerekana ko hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abakoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga batagishyiraho ibintu byinshi nk'uko babikoraga umwaka ushize. Iyi myitwarire igaragara cyane mu barimo kuva mu kiciro cy'aba Gen Z bajya mu kiciro cy'abakuze.

Mu nyandiko iherutse gusohoka mu kinyamakuru The New Yorker, umwanditsi Kyle Chayka yatanze igitekerezo avuga ko sosiyete ishobora kuba igana ku cyo yise "posting zero", aho abantu basanzwe bumva ko gusangira ubuzima bwabo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga bitakibafitiye akamaro.

Umunyamakuru wanditse iyi nkuru yagize ati: "Nanjye ubwanjye nabonye iyi mpinduka mu byo mbona ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nkurikirana. Ku ifoto imwe y'urugendo rw'inshuti cyangwa y'abana b'abo dukorana, usanga hari izindi nyinshi cyane (wenda mirongo cyangwa amagana) zituruka ku bigo by'ubucuruzi n'abantu b'ibyamamare kuri internet (influencers) bamenyekanisha ibicuruzwa bishya cyangwa baganira ku bikomeje kuvugwa (trends) mu makuru anyuranye."

Yakomeje avuga ko mbere, imbuga nkoranyambaga zageragezaga kwigana ubuzima bwe bwo mu mibanire n'abandi, n'ubwo bitari bitunganye. Ariko ubu bigaragara cyane nk'aho ari "content" gusa.

Ati: "Bimwe muri ibi, ndabizi, biterwa n'uko n'imbuga ubwazo zahindutse. TikTok na Instagram byakusanyije amashusho menshi atagira iherezo (vertical videos) kandi zubatse mu buryo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga bukomeye cyane bwo kugufasha kuyikoresha.

Ariko se bigenda bite ku buzima bwacu bwo ku ikoranabuhanga (digital lives) igihe imbuga nkoranyambaga zigenda zitakibamo imibanire nyayo y'abantu nk'uko byari bimeze mbere?

Muri iyi nkuru ya The New Yorker, umunyamakuru Katty Kay yaganiriye na Kyle Chayka, umwanditsi mu kinyamakuru The New Yorker, maze amubwira byinshi abona bibitera.

Katty Kay: Iyo ndebye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nkurikirana, ziba zuzuyemo amatangazo n'amafoto y'amazu meza cyane ntazigera ngura, ari no mu hantu nshobora no kutazigera nsura. Ariko nagerageza kwibuka igihe mperukira kubona ubutumwa bwanditswe n'inshuti yanjye, ntibize. Ibi bisobanura iki ku hazaza h'izi mbuga, niba impamvu zituma tuzijyaho uyu munsi zitandukanye cyane n'izari zihari mu myaka yashize?

Kyle Chayka: Ntekereza ko imbuga nkoranyambaga zitakiri izo guhuriramo abantu nk'uko byari bimeze mbere. Ubu byahindutse ahanini ahantu ho kwamamariza ibicuruzwa binyuranye, hashingiwe ku byo abantu bakunze cyangwa se bifuza.

Aha twavuga cyane cyane ku kwifuza ubuzima bwiza (lifestyle aspiration), aho kwibanda ku byo abantu bari kunyuramo mu buzima busanzwe, n'uko bafitanye umubano n'inshuti n'imiryango yabo. Kuri njye, ibi bisa n'aho byambuye imbuga nkoranyambaga intego yazo nyamukuru.

Niba izi mbuga zigenda zitandukana n'ubuzima busanzwe bw'abantu, kandi abantu basanzwe ntibabone impamvu yo gushyiraho ubutumwa, imbuga nkoranyambaga zishobora guhinduka nka televiziyo.

Icyo dusigarana ni amatangazo y'ibigo, imyenda n'ibindi bigezweho, amazu, n'amatangazo ya za hoteli. Ibi rero, ntibisa na bya bintu byari bisanzwe bigarukwaho cyane kuri izi mbuga, aho wasangaga bigizwe n'ibice byinshi by'ubuzima tubamo umunsi ku wundi, byavugwaga mu buryo busanzwe twari tumenyereye.

KK: Abayobora izi sosiyete z'imbuga nkoranyambaga bafite uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga bubafasha kugenzura ibyo abantu bakunda kuri izo mbuga (algorithmes) zihanitse cyane zigamije kudushora cyane mu kuzikoresha.

Bo bakira bate izi mpinduka? Cyangwa se baba bishimiye gusa ko amatangazo yiyongera, bityo nabo bakabona inyungu nyinshi mu bamamaza?

KC: Ntekereza ko abakiliya babo bakuru ari abamamaza. Bityo, igihe cyose twe abaziyobotse tugikomeza kuzikoresha, uburyo bwabo bwo gushaka inyungu buracyakora.

Nanone mbona bari no gushyira amafaranga menshi ku gitekerezo cy'uko ubutumwa butangwa n'abantu buzagenda busimbuzwa buhoro buhoro n'ubutangwa n'ubwenge bw'ubukorano (AI).

Ushobora no kubona ko Meta yamaze gutangira guhindura ibyo ubona kuri Facebook na Instagram ikabiganisha kuri ibyo bintu byakozwe na mudasobwa, bifite ubwinshi butagira iherezo kandi bihendutse, ariko kuri njye, bikaba bitarimo ibisobanuro bifatika cyangwa agaciro nyakuri k'ibyo abantu bakenera mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.

KK: Utekereza ko hari amahirwe y'uko imbuga nkoranyambaga zizabona igabanuka rikomeye ry'abantu bazikoreshaga cyane cyane kugira ngo barebe ibintu nko kumenya aho inshuti zabo zagiye mu biruhuko cyangwa ibyo bafashe ku ifunguro rya mu gitondo?

KC: Yego, ndabitekereza. Ntekereza ko hari igabanuka rigenda ribaho buhoro buhoro. Nzi n'ubushakashatsi bumwe buherutse gukorwa bwagaragaje ko abantu bake bagenda bagabanya ibyo bashyira kuri TikTok. Ariko ibyo izi mbuga zabonye, cyane cyane Instagram, ni uko gusangiza ubuzima bwacu bwite bigenda byimukira mu butumwa bwihariye bwo mu gikari (direct messages) no mu biganiro by'abantu hagati yabo nk'inshuti.

Mu by'ukuri, dukeneye urubuga rwo gusabana kuri internet. Ariko imbuga dusanzwe dufite ubu ntiziduha uwo mwanya. Ni yo mpamvu ntekereza ko hazavuka ahantu hashya, ndetse n'amaporogaramu mashya, azagerageza gusubiza icyo cyifuzo.

Bishobora kuba nka WhatsApp yaguwe cyane cyangwa uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga amatsinda y'ibiganiro hagati y'inshuti. Ntekereza ko turi kwinjira mu gihe cyo guhuza abantu mu buryo bwihariye kurushaho, bwimbitse kandi bwihuse hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.

KK: Mfite abana bari mu myaka 20 no muri cumi na. Mu gisekuru cyacu, twari dufite igitekerezo cy'uko urubyiruko rwo muri iki gihe rutita ku buzima bwite (privacy) kandi rwishimira gushyira ibintu byose ku mugaragaro kuri internet.

Ndibaza niba twaribeshyaga ko urubyiruko rwabanje kugerageza isi aho byose byashyirwaga ku mugaragaro, none rukaba ruvuga ruti: "Mu by'ukuri, nahitamo ko amakuru yanjye agera ku bantu bake, natoranyije neza, aho kuba isi yose imenya ibyo nafashe ku ifunguro rya mu gitondo, aho narifatiye, n'ibindi.

KC: Ntekereza ko twize ingaruka mbi zo gutangaza ubuzima bwacu bwite ku mugaragaro kuri internet mu gihe cy'imyaka ya 2010. Ibyo byagaragaraga mu bikorwa byo gutesha abantu agaciro ku mugaragaro (public shaming) cyangwa mu bihe byo gukozwa isoni bigakwirakwira vuba (viral embarrassments) nk'uko byagiye biba ku bantu banyuranye.

Ntekereza kandi ko imirongo migari igenga imbuga nkoranyambaga, yahindutse. Mbere byari bimeze gutya: iyo washyiraga amafoto cyangwa se ubutumwa kuri izi mbuga, wabonaga imbaga y'abantu benshi bayireba. Ariko ibyo bigenda bihinduka uruziga ruto rugizwe n'ubuzima bwawe bwose. Bityo rero, keretse niba ushaka kuba icyamamare kuri izi mbuga cyangwa se umuntu wabigize umwuga, mu buryo utangaza amakuru kuri izi mbuga, bitabaye ibyo, ayo masezerano ntakubera meza. Ingaruka mbi zo gushyira ibintu hanze ni nyinshi cyane, naho inyungu zabyo ni nke.

Bityo, byaruta ko wandikira inshuti zawe ubutumwa gusa, bikaba bihagije kurusha kumenyesha ibyawe n'abatabikeneye.

KK: Nagiranye ikiganiro gishimishije cyane na Jonathan Haidt, uzwi cyane ku kazi yakoze kagamije gukura telefoni mu mashuri. Utekereza ko niba icyerekezo uri kubona wanise posting zero (kutongera gushyira ibintu ku mbuga nkoranyambaga), kibaye koko umurongo mugari abantu bari kwinjiramo, byatuma byoroha gufasha abana kureka kuba imbata za telefoni n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga?

KC: Ni ikibazo cyiza. Mu buryo runaka, ntekereza ko twageze ku rwego rwo hejuru rwa social media, ariko sintekereza ko ibyo bivanaho ibiganiro dukora twifashishije iri koranabuhanga rishya, kuko bikomeza amasaha 24 kuri 24 . Ibiganiro biracyahari, gusa byimukiye kure y'imbuga rusange, bijya mu matsinda yo kuganira (group chats), mu butumwa bwihariye (DMs), cyangwa ku mbuga zigenda zaduka nka Snapchat.

Ubushobozi bwa telefoni bwo gutuma umuntu atayishyira hasi, buracyahari. Guteshwa umutwe biracyahari. Ariko hari kugabanuka ukuntu ibintu bikorwa ku mugaragaro.

Ntekereza ko ari byiza gato kuba twaravuye mu ruhame rusange, tukagabanya ibyago byo kwigaragaza ku isi yose no gukwirakwira mu buryo bubi. Ariko turacyandikirana umunsi wose, turacyareba amashusho y'urwenya, kandi turacyateshwa umutwe n'ibyo abantu bandika ku butumwa tuba twatanze ndetse no ku mafoto tuba twabasangije.

KK: Dushobora kureba kure mu hazaza, maze tukibaza uko ibintu bizaba bimeza, ibyo tuzaba tubona kuri telefoni zacu mu myaka itanu iri imbere. Ese ni ibiki tuzaba tureba? Ni gute imibanire yacu n'abandi, izaba imeze kandi itandukanye n'uko dukoresha ibikoresho byacu by'ikoranabuhanga?

KC: Ntekereza ko bizagenda birushaho kumera nka televiziyo. Iyo turebye icyerekezo ibintu birimo gufata, tubona bizaba bimeze nk'itangazamakuru ryabigize umwuga cyane.

Abantu benshi bari kureba ibintu gusa, batabigizemo uruhare rufatika. Ubu turimo kubona ihuzwa rya YouTube, TikTok na Netflix, bigahinduka uruvange rudasanzwe rw'amajwi, amashusho n'ikoranabuhanga rihanitse rifasha mu kugena ibyo tureba.

Ngenekereje, ntekereza ko ibiganiro n'imibanire, bizaguma mu butumwa bugufi, cyangwa bikarushaho gusubira mu buzima busanzwe bw'abantu bahura imbonankubone.

Ntekereza kandi ko iyi mikoreshereze mishya y'ikoranabuhanga, yatumye abantu bongera kwifuza guhura amaso ku maso, kandi ikatwibutsa agaciro ko kubana no gusabana ndetse no gusangira ibintu mu buzima busanzwe. Ibyo bituma ngira icyizere gito.

KK: Utekereza ko tuzagera mu isi ya posting zero, aho abantu nkawe nanjye tutazaba tutagishyira ibintu ku mbuga nkoranyambaga?

KC: Yego, ndabitekereza. Ntekereza ko bizanaba vuba kuruta uko tubitekereza, kuko nta nyungu igaragara yo kongera gushyira ibintu hanze. Kuki washyira hanze amafoto yawe cyangwa ibyo wafashe ku ifunguro, niba nta kwitabwaho ubona, ntushobore kugera ku nshuti zawe, kandi uhanganye n'uru rusaku rw'ibintu byinshi bidafite ishingiro biri mu isi y'ikoranabuhanga?

Birashoboka ko haza impinduka kuri izi mbuga, bigasa n'ibitanisha gato umurongo wari uriho, ariko kandi biranashoboka ko kaba ari nk'akaruhuko k'igihe gito. Igitekerezo cy'uko umuntu wese usanzwe agomba gusangiza ubuzima bwe ku mugaragaro cyari gifite inenge kuva ku ntangiriro. Ubu turi kugenda tubisobanukirwa, tukabona ingaruka mbi byagize, maze dutangira guhindura uko tubaho n'uko dukoresha ikoranabuhanga.