Caalii
Yooyyaa! Odeessaalee Afaan Inglizii sirri ta'an akka hubattuuf bakka itti si barsiifnutti dhihaate caqasuuf baga nagana dhufte! An Caaliidha.

Tom
And I'm Tom. Hi everyone! Today we're talking about teenagers, homework and the brain.

Caalii
Did you do your homework when you were a teenager? 'Teenager' jechuun ijoolee umuriinsaarnii waggoota kudhanoota keessa jiran.

Tom 
Yeah I did, but, often at the last minute which means as late as possible!

Caalii
Har'a maaliif ijoolleen heddu hojmaneesaanii dursanii akka hineegalle, saayinsiin sammuu ibsuu yoo danda’e ilaalla.

Tom
And today's guest is a neuroscientist so get ready for some difficult vocabulary!

Caalii
A neuroscientist jechuun saayintistii nerviiti. Kiliippiin har'aa Raadiyoo BBC 4 The Life Scientific irraa argame. Saayintistiin nervii Saaraa-Jeen Blaakmor waa'ee sammuu ijoollee ibsuutti jirti. Waa'ee kutaa sammuu 'pre-frontal cortex' jedhamuu ibsiti. Kutaan sammuu kun eessatti argama? Akkasumas hojiilee 'tasks' akkamii hojjetaa?

Insert
The pre-frontal cortex is the part of the brain right at the front, just behind the forehead. And it's involved in a whole range of very high-level cognitive tasks such as decision-making and planning.   

Tom
So, unsurprisingly, the pre-frontal cortex is at the front of the brain, just behind the forehead.

Caalii
Siirriidha. Forehead jechuun adda. Jecha 'fore' qubee 'e' ykn afaan Ingliziin 'e'kan jedhamu akka maxxantuu duraatti yoo dabalate hiikaa 'jalqaba' ykn 'fuuldurarra' jedhu qabaata. 'Forehead' Kutaa sammuu gara fuulduraa kan ibsuudha. Fakkeenyi biroon 'Forethought', wantokko duraan dursanii yaaduu waliin kan hidhatudha.

Tom
Yeah. If we 'give something some forethought' it means we think first, or plan.

Caalii
Akkasuma karoorsuun hojiiwwan kutaan sammuu kun raawwatu keessaa isa tokkodha! 'decision-making' murtee kennuunis akkasuma hojiisaati. Hojiiwwan kanneen ibsuuf, maq-ibsa kam gaalee 'high-level' tti aansitee fayyadamti.

Insert
The pre-frontal cortex is the part of the brain right at the front, just behind the forehead. And it's involved in a whole range of very high-level cognitive tasks such as decision-making and planning.

Tom
She used the word 'cognitive'.

Caalii
Cognitive, kogniitiiv, jechuun maq-ibsa gochaa sammuu keenyaan walitti dhufuudha.
Cognitive tasks hojiiwwan sammuun raawwatamaniidha. 

Tom
And she also used the expression 'a whole range of’ cognitive tasks.

Caalii
'A whole range of' irraatti maqaan wayita dabalamu, ibsa sadarkaa olaanaafi akaakuu garagaraa eeruu ta'a.

Tom
Note that the presenter says 'tasks'.  I say 'tasks', and this is because of our different British accents. Both are fine, so use whichever one's easiest for you.

Caalii
Saayintistiin nervii, waa'ee guddina sammuu ijoolee yeroo umurii dargagummaa 'adolescent years' dubbatu. Walitti dhufeenyi jechoota 'expectations', 'waantawwan ni ta'u jedhamanii eegamani' and 'development', 'guddina' gidduu jirtu maali?

Insert
We know that this region is undergoing very, very large amounts of development during the adolescent years. And so in terms of the expectations that we place on teenagers, to, for example, plan their homework, might be too much given that we know that the region of the brain that's critically involved in planning is not developed yet.

Tom
Aha! So, in the last sentence she mentions that the area of the brain involved in planning isn't developed yet!

Caalii
That's right! Yaada ishee, isa wanti fuulduratti ijoolleerraa eegnu tarii olaanaadha jedhu deeggaruuf ibsannoo kamiin fayyadamti? 'Might be too much' jedhu booda ammas caqasi.

Insert
…the expectations that we place on teenagers, to, for example, plan their homework, might be too much, given that we know that the region of the brain that's critically involved in planning is not developed yet.

Tom
Did you catch it? She said 'given that'.

Caalii 
Given that jechuunibsannoo 'waan dhugaa tokko yaada keessa galchuu' jechuudha.

Tom
So, given that we know that teenagers' brains are still developing, is it fair to expect them to be as good at planning as adults are? What do you think?

Caalii
Well, Tom, given that we're out of time, I don't think I can answer that question! Maaliif walquunnamnee yaadakee nutti hinimnee? Turtii nu waliin qabaatteef galatoomi!  

Tom
Thanks for joining us everyone! See you next time for more Listen Here! Goodbye!