A first-half Joe Garner goal lifted Forest off the bottom of the table.
Garner ghosted between two Barnsley defenders to head home Nathan Tyson's left-wing cross from close range.
Jon Macken should have equalised but headed Jamal Campbell-Ryce's centre wide, while Lewis McGugan clipped the bar with a 25-yard shot for Forest.
In the final 10 minutes Barnsley twice went close, Stephen Foster headed against the bar and Anderson De Silva's 30-yard free-kick was clawed away.
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"You must smile when you win and I have only smiled three times this season.
"But what has been said this week hasn't really affected me. It was obvious it was going to happen so it didn't surprise me."
"We had chances you would expect us to put away, both Jon Macken in the first half and Stephen Foster at the end should score.
"We have been punished because of that. In this division, you can't afford to miss clear-cut chances away from home."
Nott'm Forest: Camp, Moloney, Morgan, Wilson, Lynch, McGugan, Perch, Anderson (Thornhill 82), Garner (Reid 90), Earnshaw (McCleary 75), Tyson.
Subs Not Used: Smith, Chambers.
Booked: Garner, Tyson.
Goal: Garner 36.
Barnsley: Muller, Hassell, Guedes, Foster, Kozluk, Campbell-Ryce, De Silva, Colace, Whaley (Cureton 58), Macken, Odejayi (Rigters 73).
Subs Not Used: Leon, Van Homoet, Coulson.
Att: 24,974
Ref: Phil Crossley (Kent).
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