Carey last won the prize for his novel True History of the Kelly Gang
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Two-time Man Booker Prize winner Peter Carey is one of the 19 authors longlisted for this year's prize.
The Australian author, who previously won the prestigious literary award in 1988 and 2001, is considered for his latest novel, Theft: A Love Story.
Kate Grenville, Sarah Waters, Howard Jacobson and David Mitchell are among the other nominated writers.
A shortlist will be announced on 14 September, with the overall winner revealed on 10 October.
The 19 books were chosen from 112 entries - 95 submitted and the remainder called in by the judging panel.
"We've tried to be careful and critical judges as well as being passionately involved," said Hermione Lee, this year's chair.
'Strong voices'
The author and academic said the panel were "delighted with the variety, the originality, the drama and craft, the human interest and the strong voices in this longlist".
"It's a list in which famous established novelists rub shoulders with little known newcomers," she continued.
"We hope that people will leap at it for their late summer reading and make up their own shortlist."
Poet and novelist Simon Armitage, novelist Candia McWilliam, critic Anthony Quinn and actress Fiona Shaw make up the 2006 committee.
Last year's Booker was won by The Sea, by Irish author John Banville.
The 19 novels on this year's longlist are:
Peter Carey - Theft: A Love Story
Kiran Desai - The Inheritance of Loss
Robert Edric - Gathering the Water
Nadine Gordimer - Get a Life
Kate Grenville - The Secret River
MJ Hyland - Carry Me Down
Howard Jacobson - Kalooki Nights
James Lasdun - Seven Lies
Mary Lawson - The Other Side of the Bridge
Jon McGregor - So Many Ways to Begin
Hisham Matar - In the Country of Men
Claire Messud - The Emperor's Children
David Mitchell - Black Swan Green
Naeem Murr - The Perfect Man
Andrew O'Hagan - Be Near Me
James Robertson - The Testament of Gideon Mack
Edward St Aubyn - Mother's Milk
Barry Unsworth - The Ruby in her Navel
Sarah Waters - The Night Watch